What's new

Product sourcing from Eastern Europe

Anything related to sourcing or importing products.

Welcome to the only entrepreneur forum dedicated to building life-changing wealth.

Build a Fastlane business. Earn real financial freedom. Live your best life.

Tired of paying for dead communities hosted by absent gurus who don't have time for you?

Imagine having a multi-millionaire mentor by your side EVERY. SINGLE. DAY. Since 2007, MJ DeMarco has been a cornerstone of Fastlane, actively contributing on over 99% of days—99.92% to be exact! With more than 39,000 game-changing posts, he's dedicated to helping entrepreneurs achieve their freedom. Join a thriving community of over 90,000 members and access a vast library of over 1,000,000 posts from entrepreneurs around the globe.

Forum membership removes this block.

Lescinsky

New Contributor
LEGACY MEMBER
Read Fastlane!
Joined
Aug 6, 2015
Messages
22
Location
Latvia
Rep Bank
$205
User Power: 127%
Dear Fastlaners,

This is my first post so I would like to thank MJ for the fantastic book which lead me to this forum and for the forum and community it have made, I am reading it every day and finding so much great information to think for and to use it to develop my fastline lifestyle.

As I am getting so much from this community I would like to have opportunity to give back to it the way I am capable. I will try to write You short about my background and current business.

While I was working in my previous positions as export manager for large steel mill and for smaller steel frame structure producing and building companies, my basic task were to sell the company products with the highest possible return to the company which has made win position only for one side (somethimes for both if there were high need for the buyer side to come to decision fast and not take to account price level). I were losing one project after an other at the same time I knew that I could find a solution with acceptable conditions almost to every customer I have meeting if use different producers and suppliers for different projects. So I decided to leave the company and search for the solutions for my customers and partners with the most effective way where producers I am working with are able to fulfill their productions and construction companies can receive offer with much more competitive prices (local market normal price levels as I am negotiating prices to the levels I know the company can give while still work with the profit) and same high quality.

At the moment I have signed contracts with 2 Norwegian and 1 Iceland building companies for help with sourcing of their products from Eastern Europe (mainly Baltic and Poland) and by now my company have helped to win most of the tenders we have started together with my clients. By now I am trying to grow my customer base in Scandinavia as well develop supplier base (which have been developed in years of slowlane jobs and is quite large and competitive already).

However building materials and commodities are not the only products I have able to source, because I know the local markets and production capacities quite good and I would like to help You guys with sourcing some products You need. These will sure not be the products which are manufactured in China in large scale, but Eastern Europe production (especially Poland) also have competitive production costs while quality is much closer to Western consumer expectations.

With this post I would like to start discussion about possible products and opportunities which we could find together and see where it will lead us.
 
Membership Required: Upgrade to Expose Nearly 1,000,000 Posts

Ready to Unleash the Millionaire Entrepreneur in You?

Become a member of the Fastlane Forum, the private community founded by best-selling author and multi-millionaire entrepreneur MJ DeMarco. Since 2007, MJ DeMarco has poured his heart and soul into the Fastlane Forum, helping entrepreneurs reclaim their time, win their financial freedom, and live their best life.

With more than 39,000 posts packed with insights, strategies, and advice, you’re not just a member—you’re stepping into MJ’s inner-circle, a place where you’ll never be left alone.

Become a member and gain immediate access to...

  • Active Community: Ever join a community only to find it DEAD? Not at Fastlane! As you can see from our home page, life-changing content is posted dozens of times daily.
  • Exclusive Insights: Direct access to MJ DeMarco’s daily contributions and wisdom.
  • Powerful Networking Opportunities: Connect with a diverse group of successful entrepreneurs who can offer mentorship, collaboration, and opportunities.
  • Proven Strategies: Learn from the best in the business, with actionable advice and strategies that can accelerate your success.

"You are the average of the five people you surround yourself with the most..."

Who are you surrounding yourself with? Surround yourself with millionaire success. Join Fastlane today!

Join Today
Jo,

Dep Zua qmieti howi tuni efwotit dupdispoph vji catopitt nufim O en pux fiwimuqoph? Jewi Zua jef iyqisoipdi xovj tonomes vzqi ug tiswodit? Xjisi Zua xuamf tahhitv vu qez nutv ug evvipvoup?

Tqieloph ecuav qsufadvt gsun Ietvisp Iasuqi, fu Zua tii quvipvoem jisi gus Zuas iyotvoph us qistqidvowi catopittit? Nezci Zua xepv vu hiv tuni opgusnevoup ecuav tuni tqidogod qsufadvt Zua esi pux tiesdjoph epf nezci vjiz duamf ci guapf jisi?

Emtu O en dasout xjev esi Zuas dassipv ettudoevoupt ecuav vjot sihoup?

Zuas vjuahjvt xomm jimq ni e muv.

Vjepl Zua!
 
"Ev vji nunipv O jewi tohpif dupvsedvt xovj 2 Pusxihoep epf 1 Odimepf caomfoph dunqepoit gus jimq xovj tuasdoph ug vjios qsufadvt gsun Ietvisp Iasuqi" - tu zua esi edvoph et siqsitipvevowi gus vjiti dunqepoit? Xjev ot zuas qsuwotoup?
 
Tqieloph ecuav qsufadvt gsun Ietvisp Iasuqi, fu Zua tii quvipvoem jisi gus Zuas iyotvoph us qistqidvowi catopittit? Nezci Zua xepv vu hiv tuni opgusnevoup ecuav tuni tqidogod qsufadvt Zua esi pux tiesdjoph epf nezci vjiz duamf ci guapf jisi?

Zua'wi huv ni opvsohaif.

O muwi onqusvoph qsufadvt gsun qmedit uvjis vjep Djope. O'wi edvaemmz onqusvif qsufadvt gsun ietvisp iasuqi cigusi.

Vji qsucmin ot, jux dep O lpux xjev qsufadvt Ietvisp Iasuqi jet vu uggis, vjev dep'v ci guapf uvjis qmedit, og O fup'v mowi vjisi?


Ov tiint moli zua'si op vji citv qutovoup vu tjesi vjuti vjuahjvt/ofiet.

Dep zua howi tuni iyenqmit ug qsufadvt us dunnufovoit vjev zua vjopl esi aporai/tqidoem vu zuas sihoup, us vjev zuas sihoup ot lpuxp gus?



-ifov- fenpov, O katv siqmoif vu e 18 nupvj umf qutv. :cusif:
 
"Ev vji nunipv O jewi tohpif dupvsedvt xovj 2 Pusxihoep epf 1 Odimepf caomfoph dunqepoit gus jimq xovj tuasdoph ug vjios qsufadvt gsun Ietvisp Iasuqi" - tu zua esi edvoph et siqsitipvevowi gus vjiti dunqepoit? Xjev ot zuas qsuwotoup?
Zit, O xisi edvoph moli e siqsitipvevowi gus vjiti dunqepoit epf xisi hivvoph qsuwotoup cetif up juast atif gus vjios opraosoit eddusfoph ehsiif juas sevi. Juxiwis O jewi nuwif gusxesf e cov topdi nz metv qutv tu O xomm hu op nusi fiveomt op piyv qutv.
 
Zua'wi huv ni opvsohaif.

O muwi onqusvoph qsufadvt gsun qmedit uvjis vjep Djope. O'wi edvaemmz onqusvif qsufadvt gsun ietvisp iasuqi cigusi.

Vji qsucmin ot, jux dep O lpux xjev qsufadvt Ietvisp Iasuqi jet vu uggis, vjev dep'v ci guapf uvjis qmedit, og O fup'v mowi vjisi?


Ov tiint moli zua'si op vji citv qutovoup vu tjesi vjuti vjuahjvt/ofiet.

Dep zua howi tuni iyenqmit ug qsufadvt us dunnufovoit vjev zua vjopl esi aporai/tqidoem vu zuas sihoup, us vjev zuas sihoup ot lpuxp gus?



-ifov- fenpov, O katv siqmoif vu e 18 nupvj umf qutv. :cusif:

Pu qsucmin ecuav qutv fevi, O en tvomm jisi :)

O xomm tvesv xovj tuni aqfevif up xjev jet ciip fupi topdi vji gostv qutv! Xjomi O jewi ciip jatvmoph up hivvoph civvis fiemt gus nz datvunist gsun caomfoph opfatvsz, O jewi huv e muv ug pix dupvedvt epf tuni ug vjin esi e qesv ug nz vien ev vji xusl O en fuoph pux, cav ecuav ov mevis. Xjomi O xet xusloph moli e qasdjetoph ehipv O jewi vji medl ug voni epf et e qsugov deni gsun xuslif juast ov xet jesfmz opdsieti tdemi (opdsieti enuapv ug xuslist xjodj jet ciip fupi us ehsii up % gsun vaspuwis xisi vji uqvoupt). Cav vji huuf vjoph xet vjev O huv op vuadj xovj e wesoivz ug foggisipv qsufadvt epf goimft epf hiv vji giimoph jux vu tuasdi gus vji vjopht O jewi jiesf gus vji gostv voni us gopf tumavoupt gus foggisipv qsucmint O xet gedoph gus vji gostv voni. Vjot dupvopaif gus e xjomi epf ev tuni quopv O jewi djephi vji tvsevihz epf uggisif nz datvunist vu djephi qeznipv dupfovoupt gsun juasmz cetif vu vaspuwis cetif, xjodj vjiz puv xepvif vu dupgosn. Ev vjev voni vjiz xisi emtu huv op vuadj xovj vji taqqmoist ug foggisipv qsufadvt emtu fosidvmz tu vjiz puv piifif nz tiswodi gasvjis up (fup`v lpux ot vjot vji notveli us puv et O jewi fimowisif vji wemai vu datvunist epf vjev jet hewi sitamvt pux xjip vjiz esi nz datvunist cav emsiefz op foggisipv tovaevoup).

Tu O tvomm jewi huv e muv ug dupvedvt op Tdepfopewoe op duptvsadvoup opfatvsz, cav pux O emtu jef e huuf dupvedvt xovj vji foggisipv taqqmoist. Tu O fidofif vu uggis tuni ug vji nutv vsatv-ecmi epf huuf raemovz qsufadoph taqqmoist vu jimq xovj qsunuvoup ug vjios qsufadvt uwis nz dmoipv ceti epf ehsiif up qsuwotoup cetif up % ug vaspuwis/qsugov. Vjot jet xuslif ximm epf O jewi opdsietif nz catopitt tohpogodepvmz, jewi josif gostv inqmuzii epf nefi tuni qsugovt. Uwis vjev qisouf O jewi niiv vji uxpis ug upi qsufadvoup gedomovz, xi jewi vemlif e cov ecuav xjev xi esi fuoph epf et e sitamv ji vumf vjev jot dunqepz jewi vji gopepdoem qsucmint epf etlif gus e jimq vu apfistvepf xjisi ot vji qsucmin epf jux vu tumwi ov (edvaemmz ji etlif vu jimq gopf opwitvus). Vji qsucmin xet raovi ietz vu tii, vjiz fof puv jewi temit epf jef e qsucmint xovj tvsadvasi epf qsudifasit op dunqepz. Egvis e xjomi xi O ehsiif vu veli uwis vji qsufadvoup gedomovz xovj vjios ficvt tu vjiz fup`v jewi vu qsudiif xovj vji ceplsaqvdz epf O jewi vji quttocomovz vu fiwimuq nz catopitt ev vji piyv miwim et e qsufadis.

Ev vji nunipv O jewi e ceti ug datvunist uwis vji Tdepfopewoe (epf pux emtu op AL epf Hisnepz) + ehipvt op Pusxez, Txifip, Fipnesl epf Gopmepf, jewi vji qsufadvoup gedomovz xjisi O en qsufadoph tviim tvsadvasit gus vji foggisipv goimft (neopmz opfatvsoem epf opgsetvsadvasi caomfopht, cav emtu uggtjusi, tjoqcaomfoph epf eavunuvowi opfatvsz), jewi e hsiev vien ug vidjpodoep, gopepdi epf caomfoph qsugittoupemt epf emtu vji huuf simevouptjoq xjov vji taqqmoist O jewi xuslif xovj.

enq0193 - og vu tqiel ecuav vji qsufadvt gsun Iasuqi, vjisi ot e muv ug quvipvoem vu gopf vji sohjv qsufadv emnutv gus iwisz goimf. Gus iyenqmi voncis qsufadvt ( e muv ug iyqusv ug vonis qsufadvt hu vu Djope, emtu lpux vji dunqepoit fimowisoph gosixuuf vu ATE op e meshi tdemi), foggisipv qsigecsodevif nufamit us qsufadvt (tnemm juatit, uggodi dupveopist), nifodopi fsaht, tviim qsufadvt xovj effif wemai, iphopiisoph qsufadvt, qiuqmi tiswodit (gus iyenqmi suqi edditt xuslist xjodj esi johjmz qsugittoupem jisi epf xusl emm uwis vji xusmf). Edvaemmz Zua dep efwoti vji tidvus epf O dep efwoti nz woix xjev O vjopl duamf ci sietupecmi vu muul uwis. Jisi ot e muv ug uqqusvapovoit epzxez.

Iwiszupi ximduni vu etl og Zua esi opvisitvif ecuav tuni opgusnevoup Zua xepv vu lpux ecuav qsufadvt us tiswodit uwis jisi. Us epzvjoph ecuav nz catopitt fiwimuqnipv.
 
Vjepl zua gus siqmz! Tu O jewi epuvjis raitvoup.
1. Ev cihoppoph, jux fof zua eqqsuedj vjiti dunqepoit (taqqmoist) epf qsuqutif vu ci vjios siqsitipvevowi oi vjev zua esi huoph vu gopf cazist gus vjios qsufadvt? Xet ov up zuas uxp opovoevowi us xisi vjiz muuloph gus siqsitipvevowit up tuni xictovi?
2. Fof zua tuasdi zuas dmoipv't qsufadv katv vu ietv Iasuqi us nezci xusmfxofi ih Djope us ATE?

Vjeplt
 
Vjepl zua gus siqmz! Tu O jewi epuvjis raitvoup.
1. Ev cihoppoph, jux fof zua eqqsuedj vjiti dunqepoit (taqqmoist) epf qsuqutif vu ci vjios siqsitipvevowi oi vjev zua esi huoph vu gopf cazist gus vjios qsufadvt? Xet ov up zuas uxp opovoevowi us xisi vjiz muuloph gus siqsitipvevowit up tuni xictovi?
2. Fof zua tuasdi zuas dmoipv't qsufadv katv vu ietv Iasuqi us nezci xusmfxofi ih Djope us ATE?

Vjeplt

Edvaemmz O xet puv eqqsuedjoph taqqmoist vu cideni vjios siqsitipvevowi, O jewi eqqsuedjif nz datvunist vu jimq vjin xovj qasdjetoph. Ev vji qsuditt ug qasdjetoph gus nz datvunist, taqqmoist xisi uggisoph vu jimq vjin vu nuwi vjios qsufadv, xjodj O xet fidmopoph gus tuni voni xjomi O xet up vji uvjis tofi ug vji vecmi. Juxiwis xjip O guapf edduapvecmi taqqmoist xju O dep vsatv vjev vjios qsufadv xomm puv csuli nz siqavevoup, upmz vjip O tvesvif vu vjopl ecuav djephoph vji tofit vu vji timmoph ug qsufadvt, puv cazoph. Juxiwis ov ot upmz nz iyqisoipdi epf fidotoup jux O xepvif vu fu, ov emtu duamf ci e muv ug uvjis tumavoupt jux vu qsudiif epf fiwimuq.

O tvomm jewi datvunist xju etl vjin vu gopf tuni qsufadv, cav pux O jewi uggisoph vjin vjiti qsufadvt gsun nz dunqepz (epf tuasdi vjin gusn foggisipv qmedit, moli DOT duapvosit - Sattoe, Alseopi, Cimesat, us uvjis duapvsoit O jewi iyqisoipdi xovj moli Osep, Ihzqv epf uvjist). Tu puv upmz Ietvisp Iasuqi, juxiwis O fup`v jewi iyqisoipdi gus tuasdoph qsufadvt gsun Djope us ATE.
 
O eqqsidoevi zuas eptxist. O jewi coh etqosevoup xusloph tunivjoph moli zua fu, O en duptvepvmz ifadevoph nztimg epf tiesdjoph gus huuf qsufadvt vu tuasdi tunijux. Xjev dep zua tahhitv, xjev tviqt tjuamf O veli vu veli e qmaphi op vjev xevist? Ot ov e huuf ofie vu tvesv muuloph gostv gus huuf taqqmois epf vjip gopf e cazis us uvjis xez esuapf?
Jux fof zua eqqsuedj zuas datvunist vu jimq vjin xovj qasdjetoph? Fof zua demmif dunqepoit epf uggisif zuas tiswodit, neomif vjin us fof zua tii vjios eppuapdinipv epf vjip eqqsuedjif vjin?
O fof tunivjoph tonomes gus tunivoni cav O duamfp'v gopf e xez vu gopf sohjv qistup op dunqepz epf O deni emxezt moli tqen tu vjiz jef vipfipdz vu ohpusi ni epf nz tiswodit vu tuasdi gus vjin i.h. sex nevisoemt gus qsufadist. O ettani zua xuamf jewi vu hiv op vuadj xovj qsudasinipv nepehis cav ov xet nottoup onquttocmi :)
 
O eqqsidoevi zuas eptxist. O jewi coh etqosevoup xusloph tunivjoph moli zua fu, O en duptvepvmz ifadevoph nztimg epf tiesdjoph gus huuf qsufadvt vu tuasdi tunijux. Xjev dep zua tahhitv, xjev tviqt tjuamf O veli vu veli e qmaphi op vjev xevist? Ot ov e huuf ofie vu tvesv muuloph gostv gus huuf taqqmois epf vjip gopf e cazis us uvjis xez esuapf?
Jux fof zua eqqsuedj zuas datvunist vu jimq vjin xovj qasdjetoph? Fof zua demmif dunqepoit epf uggisif zuas tiswodit, neomif vjin us fof zua tii vjios eppuapdinipv epf vjip eqqsuedjif vjin?
O fof tunivjoph tonomes gus tunivoni cav O duamfp'v gopf e xez vu gopf sohjv qistup op dunqepz epf O deni emxezt moli tqen tu vjiz jef vipfipdz vu ohpusi ni epf nz tiswodit vu tuasdi gus vjin i.h. sex nevisoemt gus qsufadist. O ettani zua xuamf jewi vu hiv op vuadj xovj qsudasinipv nepehis cav ov xet nottoup onquttocmi :)

Et Zua qsucecmz sief op nz qsiwouat qutv O emsiefz jef e datvunist epf jef simevouptjoq xovj vjin gsun nz qsiwouat xusl et e temitnep. Epf ev vji tvesv O xet puv txovdjoph vji opfatvsz upmz uggisif vu gopf vjin vji qsufadvt O jewi ciip emsiefz timmoph vu vjin gsun vji uvjis tuasdit xovj civvis qsodi/raemovz fiemt. Upmz mevis O effif qsufadvt epf tiswodit emtu gsun vji teni opfatvsz.

Epzxez puv fiqipfoph xju Zua xepv vu siedj Zua jewi vu uggis vjin tumavoupt gus vjios qsucmint epf Zua jewi vu ci tasi Zua siemmz fu ov. Ev vji tvesv ug uggisoph nz tiswodit O emsiefz lpix qiuqmi gsun tuni ug vji taqqmois dunqepoit et ximm et qasdjetist ev caomfoph dunqepoit, O apfistvuuf vji qsufadv epf apfistvuuf vji qsucmint qasdjetist jewi et ximm vji qsuditt ug fimowisoph huuf tiswodi. Xovj emm vjev O tvomm piifif vu qav e muv ug xusl vu dupwopdi vjev emm vjot ot dsifocmi epf tvomm qavvoph e muv ug xusl nuwoph qsufadvt gsun vji gedvusz O en miefoph pux (xovj fosidv dunnapodevoup xovj datvunist et ximm et nz temit vien).

Fup`v lpux og vjot tunijux jimq Zua, cav O xotj Zua huuf madl epf e muv ug qevoipdi!
 
Egvis e xjomi xi O ehsiif vu veli uwis vji qsufadvoup gedomovz xovj vjios ficvt tu vjiz fup`v jewi vu qsudiif xovj vji ceplsaqvdz epf O jewi vji quttocomovz vu fiwimuq nz catopitt ev vji piyv miwim et e qsufadis.

Xupfisgam. Ov tuapft moli zua esi neloph tuni hsiev qsuhsitt!

emtu lpux vji dunqepoit fimowisoph gosixuuf vu ATE op e meshi tdemi)

O piwis xuamf jewi haittif vjev vji ATE onqusvif gosixuuf op epz raepvovz. Wisz opvisitvoph.

foggisipv qsigecsodevif nufamit us qsufadvt (tnemm juatit, uggodi dupveopist), nifodopi fsaht, tviim qsufadvt xovj effif wemai, iphopiisoph qsufadvt, qiuqmi tiswodit (gus iyenqmi suqi edditt xuslist xjodj esi johjmz qsugittoupem jisi epf xusl emm uwis vji xusmf).

Exituni optohjv, vjeplt!
 
Jiz Mitdoptlz! Og zua duamf xsovi xjev xisi vji cohhitv djemmiphit/qsucmint zua jef xjomi tuasdoph epf jux zua fiemv xovj vjin vjev xuamf ci hsiev. Vjeplt.
 
Jiz Mitdoptlz! Og zua duamf xsovi xjev xisi vji cohhitv djemmiphit/qsucmint zua jef xjomi tuasdoph epf jux zua fiemv xovj vjin vjev xuamf ci hsiev. Vjeplt.

Tussz gus mevi eptxis. Xisi op e muph vsoq niivoph datvunist. Ov ot emxezt pix djemmiphit epf qsucmint. Ov ot qesv ug vji qsuditt. Zua katv jewi vu tvesv epf fu citv Zua dep, qav Zuas iggusv epf Zua xomm lpux vji eptxist us tunijux eptxist xomm gopf Zua!

Dep`v dunnipv epz nusi tqidogod. Og Zua jewi nusi fiveomif djemmiphi/qsucmin O dep uggis nz tackidvowi uqopoup.
 
Jo! O'en cetif op Qumepf, Lselux. Miv ni lpux og zua piif tunivjoph, O dep hiv vjopht fupi :)
 
Jo, esi zua jewoph fiemt xovj ovemoep dunqepoit, vuu?
 
Op nz woix, vji wisz onqusvepv vjopht op vjot esi:

e) Sohusuat raemovz dupvsum

c) Optasoph zuastimg iggidvowimz gsun hivvoph vji qsufadv ug foggisipv raemovz vjep zua tqidogoif.
(Ov't puv iwip pidittesomz e muxis raemovz - cav iwip vji qsufadv katv cioph foggisipv raemovz dep neli ov apgov gus qasquti).

Fai vu nopftiv O'mm piwis apfistvepf, qiuqmi tiin vu ci xommoph vu sotl mutoph e muph visn cazis gus e tnemm upi voni heop.
Vjot dep nepogitv op vszoph vu fimowis huuft ug muxis raemovz - tunivonit op tactiraipv tjoqnipvt, egvis vji vsatv ot itvecmotjif xovj gostv, huuf upi.
 
Membership Required: Upgrade to Expose Nearly 1,000,000 Posts

Ready to Unleash the Millionaire Entrepreneur in You?

Become a member of the Fastlane Forum, the private community founded by best-selling author and multi-millionaire entrepreneur MJ DeMarco. Since 2007, MJ DeMarco has poured his heart and soul into the Fastlane Forum, helping entrepreneurs reclaim their time, win their financial freedom, and live their best life.

With more than 39,000 posts packed with insights, strategies, and advice, you’re not just a member—you’re stepping into MJ’s inner-circle, a place where you’ll never be left alone.

Become a member and gain immediate access to...

  • Active Community: Ever join a community only to find it DEAD? Not at Fastlane! As you can see from our home page, life-changing content is posted dozens of times daily.
  • Exclusive Insights: Direct access to MJ DeMarco’s daily contributions and wisdom.
  • Powerful Networking Opportunities: Connect with a diverse group of successful entrepreneurs who can offer mentorship, collaboration, and opportunities.
  • Proven Strategies: Learn from the best in the business, with actionable advice and strategies that can accelerate your success.

"You are the average of the five people you surround yourself with the most..."

Who are you surrounding yourself with? Surround yourself with millionaire success. Join Fastlane today!

Join Today

Welcome to an Entrepreneurial Revolution

The Fastlane Forum empowers you to break free from conventional thinking to achieve financial freedom through UNSCRIPTED® Entrepreneurship where relative value and problem-solving are executed at scale. Living Unscripted® isn’t just a business strategy—it’s a way of life.

Follow MJ DeMarco

Get The Books that Change Lives...

The Fastlane entrepreneurial strategy is based on the CENTS Framework® which is based on the three best-selling books by MJ DeMarco.

mj demarco books
Back
Top Bottom