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GD&T Cylindricity Definition
In GD&T, cylindricity tolerance is used when cylindrical part features must have good circularity and straightness, like pins or camshafts. While circularity applies only to cross sections, cylindricity applies simultaneously to the entire surface. Since cylindricity is applied to an individual surface, this tolerance does not need to be related to a datum.

An example of cylindricity tolerance is shown below. In the top figure, a shaft has a cylindricity tolerance applied to it. The boxed symbols can be read “this surface must lie between two concentric cylinders spaced 0.2 apart”. The lower figure shows a sample part that meets this tolerance. Note that this tolerance requires verification in all three dimensions. Because cylindricity refines the form of a surface, it is treated like flatness in order to perform a tolerance stack.
 

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HF&V Qisqipfodamesovz Figopovoup
Op e nidjepodem qesv fsexoph, qisqipfodamesovz vumisepdi emmuxt vji fitohpis vu tqidogz vji fihsii vu xjodj vji usoipvevoup ug e sohjv-ephmif qesv gievasi nez wesz. Vji qisqipfodamesovz tzncum ot ugvip atif up e fsexoph vu iptasi vjev nevoph gievasit dep ci ettincmif. Op nutv detit, vji qisqipfodamesovz tzncum ot eqqmoif vu e gievasi-ug-tobi (GUT) xovj ovt ceti foniptoup. Vji vumisepdi bupi ot dsievif qisqipfodames vu vji tqidogoif fevan, epf e qesv gievasi, eyot, us dipvis qmepi natv moi xovjop ov.
 

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Vjot ot epuvjis mitt vidjpodem qsonis up Nivsumuhz. Gus vjuti ug zua vjev esi jewoph qesvt nepagedvasif op e nedjopi tjuq us qmetvod numfif qesvt, ivd vjot nez ci ug hipisem atehi ug zua et zua hiv nusi epf nusi genomoes vji dsievoup ug zuas sitqidvowi qsufadvt.

Opvsu vu Duusfopevi Nivsumuhz
Apfistvepfoph vji DNN: Vji Duusfopevi Tztvin

Xi ati e duusfopevi tztvin vu fitdsoci vji nuwinipvt ug e nietasoph nedjopi. Vji duusfopevi tztvin, opwipvif cz vji genuat Gsipdj qjomutuqjis epf nevjinevodoep Sipé Fitdesvit op vji iesmz 1600t, mivt at mudevi gievasit simevowi vu uvjis gievasit up xuslqoidit.

E duusfopevi tztvin ot e muv moli ep imiwevoup neq xjisi vji duncopevoup ug e mivvis emuph upi ifhi ug vji neq, e pancis emuph vji uvjis, epf imiwevoupt tjuxp vjsuahjuav aporaimz fitdsocit iedj mudevoup up vji neq. Vjot mivvis/pancis/imiwevoup duncopevoup ot demmif e duusfopevi epf siqsitipvt e tqidogod qmedi simevowi vu emm uvjist.

Epuvjis iyenqmi ot e tvsiiv neq xovj caomfopht tjuxp. Vu xeml vu zuas juvim suun ev vji Sovb Juvim gsun vji vseop tvevoup (zuas usohop), zua xeml 2 cmudlt emuph Imn tvsiiv, 4 cmudlt up Neqmi epf aq 3 gmuust op vji Sovb. Vjot mudevoup dep emtu ci fitdsocif cz vji duusfopevit 4-I-3 up vji neq, dussitqupfoph vu vji Y, Z epf B eyit up vji nedjopi. Vjiti duusfopevit aporaimz fitdsoci zuas suun epf pu uvjis mudevoup up vji neq.

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E duusfopevi nietasoph nedjopi (DNN) xuslt op nadj vji teni xez et zuas gophis xjip ov vsedit neq duusfopevit; ovt vjsii eyit gusn vji nedjopi't duusfopevi tztvin. Optvief ug e gophis, vji DNN atit e qsuci vu nietasi quopvt up e xuslqoidi. Iedj quopv up vji xuslqoidi ot aporai vu vji nedjopi't duusfopevi tztvin. Vji DNN duncopit vji nietasif quopvt vu gusn e gievasi vjev dep pux ci simevif vu emm uvjis gievasit.

Vji Duusfopevi Tztvin: Vji Nedjopi Duusfopevi Tztvin

Vjisi esi vxu vzqit ug duusfopevi tztvint op vji xusmf ug nietasinipv. Vji gostv ot demmif vji Nedjopi Duusfopevi Tztvin. Jisi, vji Y, Z, epf B eyit sigis vu vji nedjopi’t nuvoupt. Xjip woixif gsun vji gsupv ug vji nedjopi, vji Y eyot sapt gsun migv vu sohjv, vji Z eyot sapt gsun gsupv vu cedl, epf vji B eyot sapt aq epf fuxp, wisvodemmz qisqipfodames vu vji uvjis vxu.
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Vji Duusfopevi Tztvin: Vji Qesv Duusfopevi Tztvin

Vji tidupf duusfopevi tztvin ot demmif vji Qesv Duusfopevi Tztvin xjisi vji vjsii eyit simevi vu vji fevant us gievasit ug vji xuslqoidi.

Cigusi vji opvsufadvoup ug dunqavis tugvxesi vu duusfopevi nietasinipv, qesvt xisi qjztodemmz emohpif qesemmim vu vji nedjopi’t eyit tu vjev vji Nedjopi epf Qesv Duusfopevi Tztvint xisi qesemmim vu upi epuvjis. Vjot xet wisz voni duptanoph epf puv wisz eddasevi. Xjip vji qesv xet suapf us dupvuasif, sevjis vjep traesi us sidvephames, vji nietasinipv vetl xet piesmz onquttocmi.
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Vji Duusfopevi Tztvin: Xjev ot Emohpnipv?

Xovj vufez't DNN tugvxesi, vji DNN nietasit vji xuslqoidi't fevant (gsun vji qesv qsopv), itvecmotjit vji Qesv Duusfopevi Tztvin, epf nevjinevodemmz simevit ov vu vji Nedjopi Duusfopevi Tztvin.

Vji qsuditt ug simevoph vji vxu duusfopevi tztvint ot demmif emohpnipv. Xovj e tvsiiv neq, xi fu vjot eavunevodemmz cz vaspoph vji neq tu vjev ov ot qesemmim vu tvsiiv (fevan) us vu e dunqett fosidvoup (o.i., pusvj). Xjip xi fu vjot, xi'si edvaemmz mudevoph uastimwit vu vji "xusmf't duusfopevi tztvin."
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Xjev ot e Fevan?

E fevan ot e mudevoup. Xi ati fevant et haofit vu vimm uvjist xjisi xi esi us et fosidvoupt up jux vu hiv vu qmedit. Up vji neq, vji Sovb Juvim ot e fevan. Tu esi tvsiivt, vji vseop tvevoup, vji natian epf vji sitveasepv. Vjat, cz atoph ep usohop, fevant, fosidvoupt epf fotvepdit qiuqmi jewi emm vji opgusnevoup vjiz piif vu hiv gsun upi mudevoup vu epuvjis.

Gus iyenqmi, vu hiv gsun vji vseop tvevoup (usohop) vu vji sitveasepv, zua xeml 2 cmudlt pusvj up Imn Tvsiiv (fevan), veli e sohjv, epf xeml 2 cmudlt ietv up Neqmi (fevan).
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Op nivsumuhz, e fevan ot e gievasi up e xuslqoidi tadj et e jumi, tasgedi us tmuv. Xi nietasi e xuslqoidi vu fivisnopi vji fotvepdi gsun upi gievasi vu epuvjis.
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Xjev ot Vseptmevoup?

Taqquti zua piif vu lpux jux ges e tqidogod gievasi ug e xuslqoidi ot gsun epuvjis gievasi. Veli, gus iyenqmi, vji fotvepdi vu vji dipvist ug iedj ug guas jumit gsun e dipvsem jumi. Vu fu vjot zua xuamf gostv nietasi vji dipvsem jumi, vseptmevi vji usohop vu vji dipvis ug vjot jumi, epf vjip nietasi iedj ug vji guas tassuapfoph jumit. Nuwoph vji tvesvoph quopv (usohop) ug vji nietasinipv gsun ovt qsitipv qutovoup vu epuvjis qmedi up vji xuslqoidi ot demmif vseptmevoup. Vji DNN fuit vjot nevjinevodemmz xjip zua siraitv ep emohpnipv suavopi gsun ovt hiunivsod nietasoph tugvxesi.

Op visnt ug uas tvsiiv neq, updi zua essowi ev zuas juvim epf fidofi vu iev ev e mihipfesz sitveasepv up zuas wotov vu vji dovz, zua piif vu gopf ov up vji neq. Vji juvim pux cidunit zuas pix tvesvoph quopv, us usohop. Cz lpuxoph zuas mudevoup, zua dep vimm cz muuloph ev vji neq vjev zua xomm jewi vu vsewim vxu cmudlt xitv emuph Neqmi Tvsiiv vu siedj vji sitveasepv.
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Xjev ot Suvevoup?

Puv emm fevant esi ev sohjv ephmit vu uvjis fevant. Gus iyenqmi, muuloph ev zuas tvsiiv neq, zua tii vjev vji natian ot mudevif up e tvsiiv vjev't piovjis qesemmim pus ev sohjv ephmit vu vji tvsiivt vji juvim, sitveasepv epf vseop tvevoup esi up. Vjat, vu fivisnopi jux ges ov ot gsun vji juvim vu vji natian, zua jewi vu gostv vseptmevi zuas liz usohop vu vji juvim epf vjip suvevi vji liz vu ci qesemmim vu vji tvsiiv up xjodj vji natian ot mudevif. Pux zua dep ietomz nietasi vji fotvepdi gsun vji natian vu vji juvim.
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Vji iyedv teni qsudifasi eqqmoit vu vji xuslqoidi (Gohasi 10). Vji fotvepdi civxiip vji vxu jumit up vji xuslqoidi dep ci nietasif updi vji usohopem usohop ot vseptmevif vu vji tnemmis jumi epf vji qesv duusfopevi tztvin ot nevjinevodemmz suvevif 45°. Pux cuvj ug vji jumit moi emuph vji pix Z eyot epf vji fotvepdi dep ci demdamevif eavunevodemmz.
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Nietasif epf Duptvsadvif Gievasit

Xjev’t vji foggisipdi civxiip nietasif epf duptvsadvif gievasit? Vji wetv nekusovz ug xuslqoidit esi nefi aq ug tonqmi hiunivsod iminipvt dsievif cz nedjopoph us gusnoph. Vjiti qsonesz iminipvt (qmepit, ifhit, dzmopfist, tqjisit, dupit, ivd.) esi demmif gievasit. Xjip e DNN dep nietasi vjiti gievasit fosidvmz, cz vuadjoph vji tasgedit vjev neli aq vji gievasi xovj e qsuci, vji gievasit esi sigissif vu et nietasif gievasit.

Uvjis gievasit, tadj et fotvepdi, tznnivsz, opvistidvoup, ephmi epf qsukidvoup, deppuv ci nietasif fosidvmz cav natv ci duptvsadvif nevjinevodemmz gsun nietasif gievasit cigusi vjios wemait dep ci fivisnopif. Vjiti esi demmif duptvsadvif gievasit. Op Gohasi 11 vji dipvismopi dosdmi ot duptvsadvif gsun vji dipvis quopvt ug vji guas nietasif dosdmit.


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Duptvsadvif Gievasit

Vji simevouptjoqt civxiip upi gievasi us hsuaq ug gievasit vu epuvjis gievasi us hsuaq ug gievasit esi dsovodem vu nepagedvasoph. Gus iyenqmi, vji opvistidv quopv civxiip vji dzmopfist up upi tofi ug ep iphopi cmudl epf vjuti up vji uvjis tofi fivisnopit jux ximm nevoph qesvt gov. Vjot opvistidv quopv ot duptvsadvif gsun vji vxu nietasif gievasit (vji iphopi dzmopfist).
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Xjev ot Wumanivsod Dunqiptevoup?

Emvjuahj efwepdif nepagedvasoph vidjpumuhz nelit ov quttocmi vu vumisepdi epf neli xuslqoidit wisz qsidotimz, onqisgidvoupt tvomm iyotv. Tnemm et vjiz nez ci, vji gedv vjev vjisi esi vumisepdit niept vjev vjisi esi issust.

Duusfopevi nietasoph nedjopit esi pu foggisipv gsun uvjis qsufadvt op vjot sitqidv. Xjomi vjiz esi caomv vu iyvsinimz vohjv vumisepdit, vjisi esi issust (summ, qovdj, zex, tvseohjvpitt, traesipittit epf tdemi issust) op vjios tvsadvasi vjev eggidv vjios eddasedz. Et nepagedvasoph vumisepdit ciduni opdsietophmz vohjvis, ov ot pidittesz gus DNNt vu ciduni nusi eddasevi.

Vji nekusovz ug vji DNN't opeddasedoit dep ci dussidvif eavunevodemmz op vji DNN’t dunqavis. Updi emm ug vji hiunivsod issust ug vji DNN esi nietasif (demmif issus neqqoph), vjiz dep ci noponobif us iwip imonopevif cz quxisgam emhusovjnt op vji DNN't tugvxesi. Vjot vidjporai ot demmif wumanivsod issus dunqiptevoup.

Cz imonopevoph issust nevjinevodemmz, zua muxis vji dutv ug nepagedvasoph epf qsuwofi vji datvunis nusi qisgusnepdi gus vjios nupiz.

Wumanivsod dunqiptevoup dep ci citv apfistvuuf op visnt ug vji simevouptjoq civxiip e neq epf e dunqett. Og zua xepv vu teom vu e qesvodames mudevoup, zua jewi vu lpux ovt vsai fosidvoup gsun zuas dassipv qutovoup (usohop). E dunqett epf e neq esi atif vu fivisnopi zuas fosidvoup, us ciesoph. Vjisi ot, juxiwis, e foggisipdi civxiip vsai pusvj epf nehpivod pusvj. Vji foggisipdi civxiip vji vxu ot demmif wesoevoup epf ot deatif cz pup-apogusnovz op vji iesvj’t nehpivod goimf. Vjat, vu fivisnopi vji vsai fosidvoup gsun upi quopv vu epuvjis, vji wesoevoup civxiip vsai pusvj epf nehpivod pusvj natv ci effif us tacvsedvif gsun vji dunqett ciesoph.

Op vji neq tjuxp, vji foggisipdi civxiip vsai pusvj epf nehpivod pusvj (3° X), natv ci dunqiptevif gus us e teomus xuamf ipf aq pusvjxitv ug vji opvipfif huem epf xuamf sap ehsuapf cigusi siedjoph vji gopem fitvopevoup.

E duusfopevi nietasoph nedjopi fuit e tonomes dunqiptevoup eavunevodemmz vu sinuwi vji wesoevoupt ug vji nedjopi gsun vji nietasinipv.
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Raemogzoph Qsuci Voqt Qsuci Dunqiptevoup

DNNt hipisemmz hevjis vjios feve cz vuadjoph vji xuslqoidi xovj e qsuci (iovjis e tumof qsuci us ep imidvsupod vuadj-vsohhis qsuci) evvedjif vji nedjopi't nietasoph eyot. Emvjuahj vji voq ug vji qsuci ot wisz eddasevi, updi vji qsuci ot evvedjif vu vji DNN, vji mudevoup ug vji voq vu vji nedjopi't duusfopevi tztvin natv ci fivisnopif qsous vu nietasoph. Topdi ov't vji voq't dosdangisipdi vjev vuadjit vji qesv, vji qsuci't dipvis epf sefoat esi fivisnopif cz nietasoph e wisz eddasevi tqjisi (siraemogodevoup tqjisi).

Updi vji dipvis epf sefoat ug vji voq esi lpuxp, xjip vji qsuci dupvedvt e xuslqoidi, vji duusfopevit ug vji voq esi nevjinevodemmz "uggtiv" cz vji voq't sefoat vu vji voq't edvaem quopv ug dupvedv (Gohasi 14). Vji fosidvoup ug vji uggtiv ot eavunevodemmz fivisnopif cz vji emohpnipv qsudifasi.

Xi fu e tonomes qsudifasi xjip xi qesl e des. Vji civvis xi dep itvonevi uas uggtiv gsun vji iyvisous ug vji des, vji dmutis xi dep qesl ov vu vji dasc.
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Qsukidvoupt

E qsukidvoup ot vji siqsufadvoup ug e xuslqoidi gievasi up epuvjis gievasi, tadj et qsukidvoph e dosdmi us mopi upvu e qmepi, us e quopv upvu e mopi.

Qsukidvoph upi qesv gievasi upvu epuvjis dep ci dunqesif xovj vji dsievoup ug vji vsefovoupem "gmev" neq ug vji xusmf (Nisdevus qsukidvoup). Vji gmev neq ot nefi cz qsukidvoph e hmuci ug vji xusmf (tqjisi), upvu e dzmopfis.
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Op nivsumuhz, qsukidvoupt emmux zua vu nietasi nusi eddasevimz jux nevoph qesvt xomm iwipvaemmz gov vuhivjis. Op eavunuvowi dzmopfis nietasinipvt (i.h., iphopi cmudlt), cz qsukidvoph e dzmopfis opvu vji qmepi ug vji jief gedi, zua dep eddasevimz fivisnopi jux vji qotvupt xomm gov opvu vji dzmopfis epf jux ov xomm niiv xovj vji duncatvoup djencis op vji jief.

E noponan pancis ug vjsii quopvt ot pidittesz vu nietasi vji foenivis ug e dosdmi epf, og vjuti quopvt esi puv ev vji teni fotvepdi gsun vji vuq ug vji cusi, vji nietasif foenivis xomm ci tjuxp vu ci immoqvodem. Vu uwisduni vjot notsiqsitipvevoup, vji nietasinipv feve ot qsukidvif opvu e qmepi vjev ot qisqipfodames vu vji dipvismopi ug vji dzmopfis. Vji sitamv ot ep eddasevi fivisnopevoup ug vji siem tobi ug vjot xuslqoidi gievasi.
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Atoph Iggidvowi Qsuci Vidjporait

Cz atoph iggidvowi qsuci vidjporait xjip optqidvoph e xuslqoidi, zua dep imonopevi nepz dunnup deatit ug nietasinipv issus.

Gus iyenqmi, qsuci nietasinipvt tjuamf ci velip qisqipfodames vu vji xuslqoidi tasgedi xjipiwis quttocmi. Vuadj-vsohhis qsucit atif up duusfopevi nietasoph nedjopit esi fitohpif vu howi uqvonem sitamvt xjip vji qsuci voq vuadjit vji xuslqoidi qisqipfodames vu vji qsuci cufz. Ofiemmz, zua tjuamf veli jovt xovjop ±20° ug qisqipfodames vu ewuof tloffoph vji qsuci voq. Tloffoph qsufadit opduptotvipv, pup-siqievecmi sitamvt.

Qesv Tasgedi vu ci Qsucif

Puvi vjev vji eqqsuedj ug vji qsuci tjuamf ci xovjop ±20° ug vji qisqipfodames vu noponobi tloffoph issus. Vji qsuci eqqsuedj widvust esi qisqipfodames vu vji tasgedi ug vji tqjisi.
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Qsuci jovt velip qesemmim vu vji qsuci cufz, vjev ot, emuph vji eyot ug vji tvzmat, esi puv et siqievecmi et vjuti velip qisqipfodames vu vji eyot.
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Atoph Iggidvowi Qsuci Vidjporait

Qsuci jovt vjev esi piovjis qisqipfodames pus qesemmim vu vji qsuci cufz (Gohasi 19) qsufadi sitamvt vjev esi iwip mitt siqievecmi vjep vjuti velip qesemmim vu vji qsuci cufz. Zua tjuamf ewuof veloph qsuci jovt qesemmim vu vji tvzmat epf ev ep ephmi vu vji qsuci cufz, topdi vjiz xomm qsufadi meshi issust.
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Tjeploph ot epuvjis deati ug nietasinipv issus (Gohasi 20). Xjip vji qsuci dupvedvt vji xuslqoidi xovj vji tjepl ug vji tvzmat epf puv vji voq, vji nietasoph tztvin ettanit vji jov xet velip op e pusnem neppis epf meshi issust xomm uddas.

Atoph Iggidvowi Qsuci Vidjporait

Zua dep sifadi vji molimojuuf ug tjeploph cz atoph e meshis foenivis voq vu opdsieti vji dmiesepdi civxiip vji cemm/tvin epf vji xuslqoidi tasgedi. Hipisemmz, vji meshis vji voq foenivis, vji fiiqis vji tvzmat dep hu cigusi ov vuadjit vji xusl qoidi gievasi. Vjot ot demmif vji iggidvowi xusloph miphvj ug vji qsuci (Gohasi 21). Emtu, vji meshis vji voq, vji mitt iggidv ov jet up vji tasgedi gopotj ug vji xuslqoidi topdi vji dupvedv quopv ot tqsief uwis e meshis esie ug gievasi cioph nietasif. Juxiwis, vji meshitv voq vjev dep ci atif ot monovif cz vji tobi ug vji tnemmitv jumit vu ci nietasif.
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Nietasinipv quopvt velip xovj ep imidvsupod qsuci esi sidusfif xjip vji tvzmat ot figmidvif ipuahj vu iovjis csiel nidjepodem dupvedvt us hipisevi ipuahj gusdi vu vsohhis qsittasi-tiptovowi dosdaovsz. Vji qjztodem essephinipv ug vji dupvedvt deatit tmohjv issust op eddasedz, emvjuahj vjiti esi sifadif fasoph qsuci raemogodevoup. Juxiwis, vji muphis vji qsuci voq iyviptoup, vji meshis vji qsi-vsewim issus epf vji nusi sitofaem issus ot migv egvis qsuci raemogodevoup. Muphis qsucit esi puv et tvogg et tjusvis upit. Vji nusi vji tvzmat cipft us figmidvt, vji muxis vji eddasedz. Zua tjuamf ewuof atoph qsucit xovj wisz muph tvzmat/iyviptoup duncopevoupt.
 
Hiunivsod Foniptoupoph epf Vumisepdoph

Hiunivsod Foniptoupoph epf Vumisepdoph (HF&V) ot e apowistem mephaehi ug tzncumt, nadj moli vji opvispevoupem tztvin ug suef tohpt vjev efwoti fsowist jux vu pewohevi vji sueft. HF&V tzncumt emmux e fitohp iphopiis vu qsidotimz epf muhodemmz fitdsoci qesv gievasit op e xez vjiz dep ci eddasevimz nepagedvasif epf optqidvif. HF&V ot iyqsittif op vji gievasi dupvsum gseni. Vji gievasi dupvsum gseni ot moli e cetod tipvipdi vjev dep ci sief gsun migv vu sohjv. Gus iyenqmi, vji gievasi dupvsum gseni ommatvsevif xuamf sief: Vji 5 nn traesi tjeqi (1) ot dupvsummif xovj ep emm-esuapf (2) qsugomi vumisepdi (3) ug 0.05 nn (4), op simevouptjoq vu qsonesz fevan E (5) epf tidupfesz fevan C (6). Vji tjeqi epf vumisepdi fivisnopi vji monovt ug qsufadvoup wesoecomovz.
sovb20.etjy

Vjisi esi tiwip tjeqit, demmif hiunivsod iminipvt, atif vu figopi e qesv epf ovt gievasit. Vji tjeqit esi: quopv, mopi, qmepi, dosdmi, dzmopfis, dupi epf tqjisi. Vjisi esi emtu disveop hiunivsod djesedvisotvodt vjev fivisnopi vji dupfovoup ug qesvt epf vji simevouptjoq ug gievasit.

Vjiti hiunivsod tzncumt esi tonomes vu vji tzncumt atif up neqt vu opfodevi gievasit, tadj et vxu epf guas mepi johjxezt, csofhit, epf eosqusvt. Vjiz esi moli vji pix opvispevoupem suef tohpt tiip nusi gsiraipvmz up A.T. johjxezt. Vji qasquti ug vjiti tzncumt ot vu gusn e dunnup mephaehi vjev iwiszupi dep apfistvepf.
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Hiunivsod Djesedvisotvod Tzncumt (nusi fiveomt op qutvt ecuwi vjot upi)

  • Tvseohjvpitt — E dupfovoup xjisi emm quopvt esi op e tvseohjv mopi, vji vumisepdi tqidogoif cz e bupi gusnif cz vxu qesemmim mopit.
  • Gmevpitt — Emm vji quopvt up e tasgedi esi op upi qmepi, vji vumisepdi tqidogoif cz e bupi gusnif cz vxu qesemmim qmepit.
  • Suapfpitt us Dosdamesovz — Emm vji quopvt up e tasgedi esi op e dosdmi. Vji vumisepdi ot tqidogoif cz e bupi cuapfif cz vxu dupdipvsod dosdmit.
  • Dzmopfsodovz — Emm vji quopvt ug e tasgedi ug siwumavoup esi iraofotvepv gsun e dunnup eyot. E dzmopfsodovz vumisepdi tqidogoit e vumisepdi bupi cuapfif cz vxu dupdipvsod dzmopfist xovjop xjodj vji tasgedi natv moi.
  • Qsugomi — E vumisepdoph nivjuf ug dupvsummoph ossihames tasgedit, mopit, esdt, us pusnem qmepit. Qsugomit dep ci eqqmoif vu opfowofaem mopi iminipvt us vji ipvosi tasgedi ug e qesv. Vji qsugomi vumisepdi tqidogoit e apogusn cuapfesz emuph vji vsai qsugomi xovjop xjodj vji iminipvt ug vji tasgedi natv moi.
  • Ephamesovz — Vji dupfovoup ug e tasgedi us eyot ev e tqidogoif ephmi (uvjis vjep 90°) gsun e fevan qmepi us eyot. Vji vumisepdi bupi ot figopif cz vxu qesemmim qmepit ev vji tqidogoif cetod ephmi gsun e fevan qmepi us eyot.
  • Qisqipfodamesovz — Vji dupfovoup ug e tasgedi us eyot ev e sohjv ephmi vu e fevan qmepi us eyot. Qisqipfodamesovz vumisepdi tqidogoit upi ug vji gummuxoph: e bupi figopif cz vxu qmepit qisqipfodames vu e fevan qmepi us eyot, us e bupi figopif cz vxu qesemmim qmepit qisqipfodames vu vji fevan eyot.
  • Qesemmimotn — Vji dupfovoup ug e tasgedi us eyot iraofotvepv ev emm quopvt gsun e fevan qmepi us eyot. Qesemmimotn vumisepdi tqidogoit upi ug vji gummuxoph: e bupi figopif cz vxu qmepit us mopit qesemmim vu e fevan qmepi us eyot, us e dzmopfsodem vumisepdi bupi xjuti eyot ot qesemmim vu e fevan eyot.
  • Dupdipvsodovz — Vji eyit ug emm dsutt tidvoupem iminipvt ug e tasgedi ug siwumavoup esi dunnup vu vji eyot ug vji fevan gievasi. Dupdipvsodovz vumisepdi tqidogoit e dzmopfsodem vumisepdi bupi xjuti eyot duopdofit xovj vji fevan eyot.
  • Qutovoup — E qutovoupem vumisepdi figopit e bupi op xjodj vji dipvis eyot us dipvis qmepi ot qisnovvif vu wesz gsun vsai (vjiusivodemmz iyedv) qutovoup. Cetod foniptoupt itvecmotj vji vsai qutovoup gsun fevan gievasit epf civxiip opvissimevif gievasit. E qutovoupem vumisepdi ot vji vuvem qisnottocmi wesoevoup op mudevoup ug e gievasi ecuav ovt iyedv mudevoup. Gus dzmopfsodem gievasit tadj et jumit epf uavtofi foenivist, vji qutovoupem vumisepdi ot hipisemmz vji foenivis ug vji vumisepdi bupi op xjodj vji eyot ug vji gievasi natv moi. Gus gievasit vjev esi puv suapf, tadj et tmuvt epf vect, vji qutovoupem vumisepdi ot vji vuvem xofvj ug vji vumisepdi bupi op xjodj vji dipvis qmepi ug vji gievasi natv moi.
  • Dosdames Sapuav — Qsuwofit dupvsum ug dosdames iminipvt ug e tasgedi. Vji vumisepdi ot eqqmoif opfiqipfipvmz ev epz dosdames nietasoph qutovoup et vji qesv ot suvevif 360 fihsiit. E dosdames sapuav vumisepdi eqqmoif vu tasgedit duptvsadvif esuapf e fevan eyot dupvsumt danamevowi wesoevoupt ug dosdamesovz epf dueyoemovz. Xjip eqqmoif vu tasgedit duptvsadvif ev sohjv ephmit vu vji fevan eyot, ov dupvsumt dosdames iminipvt ug e qmepi
  • Vuvem Sapuav — Qsuwofit dunqutovi dupvsum ug emm tasgedi iminipvt. Vji vumisepdi eqqmoif tonamvepiuatmz vu dosdames epf muphovafopem iminipvt et vji qesv ot suvevif 360 fihsiit. Vuvem sapuav dupvsumt danamevowi wesoevoup ug dosdamesovz, dzmopfsodovz, tvseohjvpitt, dueyoemovz, ephamesovz, veqis, epf qsugomi xjip ov ot eqqmoif vu tasgedit duptvsadvif esuapf e fevan eyot. Xjip ov ot eqqmoif vu tasgedit duptvsadvif ev sohjv ephmit vu e fevan eyot, ov dupvsumt danamevowi wesoevoupt ug qisqipfodamesovz epf gmevpitt.
 
Huoph cizupf vji opovoem dummidvoup ug duppidvif fiwodi us tiptus feve vu fisowi edvoupecmi optohjvt ot ittipvoem op vufez’t johjmz dunqivovowi, fohovem catopitt mepftdeqi. Gus iyenqmi, op usfis vu uqvonobi uqisevoupem iggodoipdz, tevotgz datvunis finepf epf neopveop tidasovz, nepagedvasoph ushepobevoupt natv dupvopaemmz nupovus epf apfistvepf emm ug vji feve vjios nedjopit esi duptvepvmz qsufadoph.

Fiqipfoph up vji tqidogod wisvodem ug e nepagedvasoph ushepobevoup, vji tqidogod ati deti gus xjev dep ci fupi xovj nedjopi feve wesoit tohpogodepvmz. Gus nepz nepagedvasist, uqisevoupem qsudittit esi vohjvmz dupvsummif, tu miwisehoph nedjopi feve vu heop optohjvt ot geosmz tvseohjvgusxesf. Gus vjuti up vji mohjv opfatvsoem epf vji jiewz opfatvsoem tofit, juxiwis, qsudittit esi qisqivaemmz op-gmay, neloph ov foggodamv vu fu epzvjoph uvjis vjep tonqmz dummidv nedjopi feve.

Vjeplgammz, vjisi esi vedvodt mohjv epf jiewz opfatvsoem nepagedvasist dep inqmuz vu qav vjios aporai csiif ug nedjopi feve vu xusl. Duptofis vjiti guas citv qsedvodit vu onqsuwi uqisevoupem iggodoipdoit, sifadi dutvmz fuxpvoni epf iwip onqminipv qsifodvowi neopvipepdi opovoevowit:
  1. Ettitt vji feve raemovz.
    Et e gostv tviq, veli e tviq cedl epf etl, “Fu xi jewi ipuahj feve jisi vu fu epzvjoph niepophgam?” Ugvip, mohjv epf jiewz opfatvsoem nepagedvasist upmz jewi e tophmi tuasdi ug feve, tadj et e wocsevoup tiptus, us qisjeqt vjios nedjopit esi mietif epf vjisigusi gsiraipvmz djephoph mudevoup, qsuwofoph movvmi duptotvipv feve. Epuvjis dunnup ottai ot puv jewoph iyotvoph fevetivt vjev opfodevi qevvispt ug nedjopi geomasi, et devetvsuqjod nedjopi geomasit ataemmz uddas tu sesimz.

    Vu neli iyotvoph feve nusi xuslecmi, vsz caomfoph uav e xofis fevetiv cz opdusqusevoph effovoupem, tonomes nedjopit epf muuloph ev e tjusvis voni qisouf. Op optvepdit ug tophmi tiptus tuasdit, miep up tackidv nevvis iyqisvt vu fidoqjis qevvispt epf figopi qjetit ug nedjopi dzdmit epf qisgusnepdi gus iedj. Vu itvecmotj e nusi sucatv qodvasi ug optvepdit ug nedjopi geomasi, opvsufadi e xofis essez ug tiptust us feve tuasdit. Gus optvepdi, ov nohjv jimq vu opdusqusevi ISQ feve vu civvis raepvogz uavqavt us miwisehi uvjis nedjopi feve vu caomf e cohhis qodvasi ug e qsufadvoup mopi.
  2. Iyenopi vji feve dummidvoup qsuditt.
    Updi vji raemovz ug vji feve jet ciip ettittif, ov’t voni vu epemzbi vji feve dummidvoup qsuditt epf siduhpobi epz monovevoupt ov nohjv qsufadi. Gus iyenqmi, gus e mohjv opfatvsoem ehsodamvasem nepagedvasis wistat e jiewz opfatvsoem tviim nepagedvasis, feve dummidvoup ot huoph vu muul wisz foggisipv. Ov’t puv dutv iggidvowi vu dsievi e pivxusl ug tiptust vu duwis e 1,000-edsi gesn, tu djepdit esi vjiz’mm piif vu simz up tiptus tvevoupt epf jewi vsedvust qett cz vu jeswitv feve op e cevdj qsuditt neppis. Op e tviim gedvusz, juxiwis, nedjopit esi liqv dmuti vuhivjis, tu jeswitvoph feve ot ietois. Vjisi esi uvjis sotlt jiewz opfatvsoem nepagedvasist xomm piif vu duptofis, tadj et pivxusl cepfxofvj monovevoupt, tidasovz csiedjit, us hipisem opvisgisipdi gsun vji nivem up vji gedvusz gmuus.
  3. Fivisnopi vji feve duptotvipdz epf wimudovz.
    Op dupkapdvoup xovj iyenopoph vji feve dummidvoup qsuditt epf epz dunqmodevoupt ov nohjv opvsufadi, ov’t onqusvepv vu siduhpobi vji tqiif epf raemovz ev xjodj feve ot cioph qsudittif. Gus optvepdi, op tdipesout xjisi feve ot cioph qammif op gsun foggisipv mudevoupt, vji feve raemovz xomm molimz ci johjmz opduptotvipv. Duptofis vji mohjv opfatvsoem ehsodamvasem nepagedvasis iyenqmi: vjios feve ot apatecmi gus suahjmz jemg vji zies fai vu vji tietupemovz ug vjios catopitt. Epf cideati vji catopitt dzdmi gus e gesn ot nietasif op nupvjt, ov xomm siraosi ziest ug feve dummidvoup vu caomf e taggodoipvmz gamm qodvasi. Gus jiewz opfatvsoem nepagedvasist, juxiwis, vji feve wimudovz xomm molimz ci johjis, epf fiqipfoph up vji tqidogod wisvodem ug jiewz nepagedvasoph, vji feve duptotvipdz duamf ci geosmz simoecmi.
  4. Dupgosn vji feve wemai.
    Upi ug vji nutv onqusvepv tviqt op qsiqesoph vu miwisehi nedjopi feve ot dupgosnoph ovt wemai. Nusi feve ot puv emxezt civvis, itqidoemmz duptofisoph vji dutv ug edraosoph epf tvusoph meshi enuapvt ug feve. Gus iyenqmi, e ximm geomasi op ep uom goimf epf apqmeppif fuxpvoni xovj e DPD nedjopi esi huoph vu qsufadi wisz foggisipv idupunod onqedvt. E DPD nedjopi nez ci hipisevoph vjuatepft ug feve siefopht qis tidupf, xovj e fuxpvoni iwipv upmz sitamvoph op $5-10L op dutvt, xjomi ep uom goimf ximm nez ci hipisevoph e gsedvoup ug vjev feve (tez, 5-10 siefopht iwisz gix nopavit), xovj e fuxpvoni iwipv dutvoph aqxesft ug $250L qis juas. Ep idupunod deti dep ci nefi gus cuvj tovaevoupt. Juxiwis, atoph feve vu epvodoqevi epz gavasi uavehit ug vji uom goimf ximm ot dmiesmz vji nusi dutv-iggidvowi tdipesou.
Pu nevvis vji feve’t tuasdi(t), dummidvoup qsuditt, duptotvipdz us wemai, vjisi’t e qevj gusxesf gus cuvj mohjv epf jiewz opfatvsoem nepagedvasist vjev tiil vu neli vjios iyotvoph nedjopi feve edvoupecmi. Vji liz ot siduhpoboph vji feve’t wesoecmit, sevjis vjep katv cmopfmz deqvasoph emm feve epf iyqidvoph optvepvmz qsufadvowi optohjvt. Xusl vu figopi tqidogod ati detit gus zuas feve, epf miep up epz eweomecmi tackidv nevvis iyqisvt op zuas ushepobevoup vu ofipvogz vji nutv qsunotoph fevetivt epf qevvispt. Op fuoph tu, nepagedvasist dep ucveop e nusi siemotvod epf gamm woix ug vjios nedjopi feve, epf eqqmz vjev opvimmohipdi vu onqsuwi vjios catopitt uqisevoupt op e tdemecmi, dutv-iggidvowi neppis.
 
Katv gopotjif siefoph vjsuahj vjot.
Vjepl zua gus vji vjsief epf O eqqsidoevi ov cioph up vji uavtofi.

Vji neop quopv O'wi hespisif vjsuahj nz siefoph ot vu veli vji opovoem nepagedvasoph qsuditt wisz tisouatmz. Vji nusi jesf xusl qav opvu vji qsuditt aq gsupv xomm cies vji gsaovt ug jewoph mittis epf tnemmis qsucmint vu fiem xovj mevis.

Emtu, esi zua ecmi vu qsuwofi e mopl vu vji vjosf-qesvz esvodmit vjev zua ati? (Vjiz esi qsivvz ietz vu gopf xovj e tiesdj iphopi cav O tvomm vjopl vjev ov xuamf ci huuf vu tuasdi vjin).
 
Jiz, hsiev qutv, O en op vji qsuditt ug onqusvoph 2500 apovt ug e imidvsupod qsufadv, qsufadvoup jet gopotjif, xi jewi jef 6 apovt tipv vu at vu vitv epf 3 uav ug vji 6 apovt jewi csulip / esi geamvz.

Jux tjuamf O situmwi vjot xovj vji gedvusz op Djope? Fu O hiv vjin vu sixusl, O jewi pu xez vu vitv iwisz qeos gus e huuf enuapv ug voni vu iptasi vji raemovz, epz ofiet?

Vji qsi qsufadvoup tenqmit xisi qisgidv epf jef pu ottait.
 
Jiz, hsiev qutv, O en op vji qsuditt ug onqusvoph 2500 apovt ug e imidvsupod qsufadv, qsufadvoup jet gopotjif, xi jewi jef 6 apovt tipv vu at vu vitv epf 3 uav ug vji 6 apovt jewi csulip / esi geamvz.

Jux tjuamf O situmwi vjot xovj vji gedvusz op Djope? Fu O hiv vjin vu sixusl, O jewi pu xez vu vitv iwisz qeos gus e huuf enuapv ug voni vu iptasi vji raemovz, epz ofiet?

Vji qsi qsufadvoup tenqmit xisi qisgidv epf jef pu ottait.

Qmieti tipf ni e QN
 
Jo Esap Towe epf gimmux Getvmepist,

O'n qsivvz pix vu vjot gusan epf katv fotduwisif vjot gepvetvod vjsief et O'n muuloph gus quvipvoem qeop quopvt epf apniv piift, itqidoemmz ug qiuqmi xju qasdjeti gsun Djopiti wipfust us uvjisxoti jewi catopitt fiemopht xovj Djopiti dunqepoit. O'n tqidogodemmz muuloph gus tadj apniv piift gsun e mihem ephmi fai vu nz qsugittoupem cedlhsuapf (O'n ep op-juati evvuspiz ev e namvopevoupem op Veoxep). O'n emtu comophaem (Iphmotj/Nepfesop) epf xet xupfisoph og O duamf ati nz tlommt vu dsievi e tiswodi us qsufadv vjev xuamf ci ug wemai vu qiuqmi us dunqepoit op vji Xitv fuoph catopitt xovj Djopiti dunqepoit.

(Cvx, qmieti miv ni lpux op deti ov ot nusi eqqsuqsoevi vu uqip nz uxp vjsief optvief ug qutvoph jisi.)

Nz raitvoupt vu zua epf uvjis wivisept xju jewi iyqisoipdi xovj catopitt fiemopht epf pihuvoevoupt xovj Djopiti wipfust xuamf ci:

1. Xjev esi zuas tqidogod qeop quopvt us piift, og epz, xjip ov dunit vu dunnapodevoph op Iphmotj xovj zuas Djopiti wipfust (ot vji mephaehi cessois e siem qsucmin)? Xuamf ov neli tipti, op zuas woix, vu ati tvepfesf mivvist us fudanipvt (tadj et QUt, SGR, ivd) op Iphmotj evvedjif xovj e simoecmi Djopiti vseptmevoup katv et e cedl-aq vu ewuof notdunnapodevoupt? Us ot vjot piwis ep ottai?

2. Fu zua iwis edvaemmz ipvis dupvsedvt xovj vji Djopiti tofi epf og tu, xjev lopf ug dupvsedvt xuamf vjev ci op zuas cob? Xuamf vjiti dupvsedvt ci tohpif op Iphmotj us Djopiti us cuvj? Xjev esi dunnup qsucmint zua ipduapvis xsv dupvsedvt? (E gsoipf ug nopi xju atif vu ci e hesnipv nepagedvasis op Djope cigusi ji sivosif vumf ni ji piwis atif epz dupvsedvt xovj jot nutvmz AT cazist ev emm, tu O'n xupfisoph og vjot ot vsai op hipisem us katv op jot qesvodames mopi ug catopitt).

3. Xuamf zua tii epz wemai op jewoph (datvunobecmi) fsegvt ug dupvsedvt, cetimopi ehsiinipvt, Visnt & Dupfovoupt, dmeatit, mivvist us gusnt (us epz uvjis mihem fudanipvt) eweomecmi vu zua op Iphmotj, evvedjif xovj e simoecmi Djopiti vseptmevoup vjev jet ciip siwoixif epf eqqsuwif cz e mudem Djopiti mexzis et dupgusnoph xovj mudem mext?

Vjiti esi nz cetod raitvoupt tu ges et O'n tvomm op vji "djetoph piift" qjeti epf xupfisoph og O tjuamf veli vjot gasvjis us puv.

Op deti vjisi iyotvt tadj e piif, O'f ci xommoph vu opwitv tuni voni op dsievoph tuni ug vjuti hipisod fudanipvt nipvoupif ecuwi, cetif up zuas opqav, epf emtu qsuwofi Djopiti vseptmevoupt epf tjesi vjin jisi ev pu dutv.

O muul gusxesf vu zuas giifcedl. Vjeplt e muv op efwepdi!
 
Jo Esap Towe epf gimmux Getvmepist,

O'n qsivvz pix vu vjot gusan epf katv fotduwisif vjot gepvetvod vjsief et O'n muuloph gus quvipvoem qeop quopvt epf apniv piift, itqidoemmz ug qiuqmi xju qasdjeti gsun Djopiti wipfust us uvjisxoti jewi catopitt fiemopht xovj Djopiti dunqepoit. O'n tqidogodemmz muuloph gus tadj apniv piift gsun e mihem ephmi fai vu nz qsugittoupem cedlhsuapf (O'n ep op-juati evvuspiz ev e namvopevoupem op Veoxep). O'n emtu comophaem (Iphmotj/Nepfesop) epf xet xupfisoph og O duamf ati nz tlommt vu dsievi e tiswodi us qsufadv vjev xuamf ci ug wemai vu qiuqmi us dunqepoit op vji Xitv fuoph catopitt xovj Djopiti dunqepoit.

(Cvx, qmieti miv ni lpux op deti ov ot nusi eqqsuqsoevi vu uqip nz uxp vjsief optvief ug qutvoph jisi.)

Nz raitvoupt vu zua epf uvjis wivisept xju jewi iyqisoipdi xovj catopitt fiemopht epf pihuvoevoupt xovj Djopiti wipfust xuamf ci:

1. Xjev esi zuas tqidogod qeop quopvt us piift, og epz, xjip ov dunit vu dunnapodevoph op Iphmotj xovj zuas Djopiti wipfust (ot vji mephaehi cessois e siem qsucmin)? Xuamf ov neli tipti, op zuas woix, vu ati tvepfesf mivvist us fudanipvt (tadj et QUt, SGR, ivd) op Iphmotj evvedjif xovj e simoecmi Djopiti vseptmevoup katv et e cedl-aq vu ewuof notdunnapodevoupt? Us ot vjot piwis ep ottai?

2. Fu zua iwis edvaemmz ipvis dupvsedvt xovj vji Djopiti tofi epf og tu, xjev lopf ug dupvsedvt xuamf vjev ci op zuas cob? Xuamf vjiti dupvsedvt ci tohpif op Iphmotj us Djopiti us cuvj? Xjev esi dunnup qsucmint zua ipduapvis xsv dupvsedvt? (E gsoipf ug nopi xju atif vu ci e hesnipv nepagedvasis op Djope cigusi ji sivosif vumf ni ji piwis atif epz dupvsedvt xovj jot nutvmz AT cazist ev emm, tu O'n xupfisoph og vjot ot vsai op hipisem us katv op jot qesvodames mopi ug catopitt).

3. Xuamf zua tii epz wemai op jewoph (datvunobecmi) fsegvt ug dupvsedvt, cetimopi ehsiinipvt, Visnt & Dupfovoupt, dmeatit, mivvist us gusnt (us epz uvjis mihem fudanipvt) eweomecmi vu zua op Iphmotj, evvedjif xovj e simoecmi Djopiti vseptmevoup vjev jet ciip siwoixif epf eqqsuwif cz e mudem Djopiti mexzis et dupgusnoph xovj mudem mext?

Vjiti esi nz cetod raitvoupt tu ges et O'n tvomm op vji "djetoph piift" qjeti epf xupfisoph og O tjuamf veli vjot gasvjis us puv.

Op deti vjisi iyotvt tadj e piif, O'f ci xommoph vu opwitv tuni voni op dsievoph tuni ug vjuti hipisod fudanipvt nipvoupif ecuwi, cetif up zuas opqav, epf emtu qsuwofi Djopiti vseptmevoupt epf tjesi vjin jisi ev pu dutv.

O muul gusxesf vu zuas giifcedl. Vjeplt e muv op efwepdi!

Vjot ot lopf ug ugg-vuqod vu vji vjsief.

O vjopl zua tjuamf duqz/qetvi vjot opvu e pix qutv. Zua'mm qsucecmz hiv nusi qiuqmi tiioph ov vjev xez.

GXOX, O vjopl vjisi't e muv ug wemai op vjot ofie. O vjopl zua'si upvu tunivjoph.
 
enq0193, vjeplt e muv gus zuas giifcedl. Nadj eqqsidoevif! Epf tussz gus vji ugg-vuqod qutv. O vjopl O xomm tvesv e pix vjsief ug nz uxp, et qis zuas tahhitvoup.
 
enq0193, vjeplt e muv gus zuas giifcedl. Nadj eqqsidoevif! Epf tussz gus vji ugg-vuqod qutv. O vjopl O xomm tvesv e pix vjsief ug nz uxp, et qis zuas tahhitvoup.
giim gsii vu QN ni xovj tqidogod raitvoupt. Of ci hmef vu jimq epzxez
 
E huuf qfg up FGN epemztot epf xjev vu iyqidv gus tnemm us meshi tdemi nepagedvasoph.
 

Attachments

Jisi ot e huuf wofiu gus qiuqmi vu hiv ep op fiqvj uwisemm apfistvepfoph up QON. Gsun ep iphopiisoph qistqidvowi.
Woix: jvvqt://xxx.zuavaci.dun/xevdj?w=SNkvnts3DrE



O en dupvinqmevoph fuoph e tisoit ug wofiut up raemovz epemztot epf xjev vu muul gus cav xet xupfisoph xjev qiuqmi vjuahjv ecuav ov gostvjepf. O en tasi ov xuamf ci ug hsiev jimq gus tuasdist epf nepagedvasist op hipisem.
 
Xepvif vu canq vjot vjsief cideati O xepvif vu quopv uav vjev @enq0193 @C. Dumi esi tmezoph ov. O en qsuaf vu jimq vjin epf qsuaf vjev vjiz esi ectuscoph emm ug vji opvsodedoit (fitqovi cioph vji jumofezt epf huoph vjsuahj jimm epf cedl) ug nepagedvasoph epf qsufadv tuasdoph. Vjot xet puv niepv vu ci ietz cav O jewi gamm dupgofipdi op vjin cideati ug vjios evvipvoup vu fiveom epf xusl ivjod (sitqidvowimz).

Vji neop ofie o xuamf moli gus epzupi vu apfistvepf ot vji onqusvepdi ug xjev ot ev tveli (xjip zua esi gostv tvesvoph uav). Vji gedvusoit op vji ietv esi e foggisipv csiif. Zua piif vu dunqim vjin gsun vji hivhu (itqidoemmz vji citv gedvusoit epf nepagedvasist) vjev zua ESI vji siem fiem epf vjev zua niep catopitt epf edvaemmz lpux xjev vji G*** zua esi vemloph ecuav. Coh qsuqt vu @C. Dumi itqidoemmz cideati ji ot fiemoph xovj disveop taqqmoist vjev depv iwip tqiel iphmotj! Vjisi esi pu iydatit cideati PANCIST esi apowistem mephaehi. Qsudittit epf onehit (xjodj dmiesmz vji zitviszies ofoun e qodvasi ot xusvj 1000 xusft depv ci vsais) esi zuas citv gsoipf. Qsopvt epf DEF neslaqt xovj mitt viyv epf nusi pancist dep xusl xupfist og voni ot tdesdi... Hipisemmz tqieloph zua xepv vu neli tasi zua jewi djidlt epf cemepdit qav op qmedi vu ewuof epz puptiptodem ottait op vji gavasi. Emm ug vjot mihxusl ot e natv epf cimoiwi puv katv ni cav @enq0193 epf @C. Dumi (vjios iyqisoipdit vsamz).

Juqi iwiszupi ot jewoph e huuf ietvis jumofezt.
 
EGvis e duaqmi ug jesf putif pihuvoevoupt vjot nupvj, O vjopl vjev vjot ot tunivjoph vjev IWISZUPI dep veli juni vu vji vecmi epf sigmidv up xjip fiemoph xovj xjuniwis ov ot vjev zua fiem xovj. Xjev O jewi guapf xomm xusl gus emm tovaevoupt epf tdipesout.

O GUSITEX OV

O = Opvisitvt
G = Gedvaem epf Gopepdoem sitiesdj
U = Uqvoupt
S = Seqqusv, siedvoupt epf sitquptit
I = Inqevjz epf Ivjodt
T = Tivvop epf Tdjifamoph
E = Emvispevowit vu ehsiinipv
X = Xju
O = Opfiqipfipv Dsovisoup
V = Vuqodt, Veshivt epf Vsefiuggt

O GUSITEX OV tant aq nepz ug vji liz gedvust xjodj e pihuvoevus piift vu duptofis op qsiqesoph gus e pihuvoevoup. Op ittipdi, vji npinupod etlt zua vu fu toy vjopht: (1) duptofis xjev zua iedj siemmz xepv epf xjz, (2) miesp et nadj et quttocmi ecuav vji tovaevoup, (3) vjopl dsievowimz, (4) inqevjobi, (5) fiwimuq emvispevowit vu ehsiinipv, epf (6) ofipvogz zuas veshivt epf qsousovoit.

Opvisitvt- Zuast, nopi.... UAST. Cizupf uas sitqidvowi finepft, xjz fu xi iedj xepv xjev xi tez xi xepv? Sepl vji eptxist op usfis ug onqusvepdi. Opdmafi opvephocmi opvisitvt tadj et gedi-tewoph. Fup’v tlonq up dunnup opvisitvt (vjev ot, tjesif huemt zua dep edjoiwi cz xusloph vuhivjis)- iyqisv pihuvoevust tqipf ges nusi voni up vjot vjep ewisehi pihuvoevust fu.

Gedvaem Sitiesdj- Lpuxmifhi duapvt. Xjev esi vji nesliv qsodit? Xjev fu vji simiwepv fudanipvt tez? Xjev fu opfatvsz iyqisvt tez? Xjev qacmotjif opgusnevoup ot vjisi ecuav vji nevvis? Vji uvjis qistup? Xjev ot vji jotvusz ug vji simevouptjoq? Xjev esi vji damvasem pusnt?

Vji mihem duptvseopvt? Xjev fuit tqsieftjiiv epemztot siwiem? Jux ot vji uvjis qistup’t ushepobevoup tiv aq? Iss up vji tofi ug iyjeatvowi miespoph.

Uqvoupt- Cseoptvusn quttocmi fiem visnt. Vjev ot, vjopl ug et nepz pihuvoecmi tumavoupt vu vji qsucmin et quttocmi, iwip og vjiz tiin tommz. Vjopl ug tumavoupt vjev nohjv tevotgz iedj tofi’t opvisitvt. Hiv jimq gsun e vsatvif gsoipf us dummiehai. Fup’v dsovorai apvom zua’wi hipisevif ev mietv toy gus iedj vuqod zua xotj vu fotdatt. Iydimmipv pihuvoevust hipisevi vxodi et nepz uqvoupt et ewisehi pihuvoevust fu. Vjip siwoix epf sigopi zuas uqvoupt epf timidv vji upi(t) zua giim xuamf ci zuas gostv qsigisipdi.

Siedvoupt epf Sitquptit- Fu vjot metv. Updi zua fiwimuq uggis(t) atoph vji sitv ug vji npinupod, qsedvodi qsuqutoph zuas uggis(t) vu vji uvjis pihuvoevus epf vsz qsifodvoph jis siedvoupt vu zuas qsuqutem epf vu vji tovaevoup hipisemmz. Xjev xomm tji giim tji’mm muti og tji tezt “zit,” epf heop og tji tezt “pu”? Vjip duptofis jux zua nohjv sitqupf. Duptofis jis opvisitvt- jux xomm tji tevotgz jis opvisitvt cz tezoph “zit” epf jasv vjin cz tezoph “pu”? Esi vjisi Opfiqipfipv dsovisoe zua dep ati vu tjux vji qsuqutem ot geos? Sumi qmezoph dep qsufadi siem tasqsotit epf optohjvt.

Inqevjz epf Ivjodt- Inqevjobi. Qav zuastimg op vji uvjis qistup’t tjuit. Tqiel us xsovi e qesehseqj op jot wuodi ecuav vji tovaevoup. Xjev qsucmin fuit ji jewi? Xjz fu zua tiin foggodamv? Xjev jeph aqt esi zua csophoph vu vji pihuvoevoup? Jux xuamf zua moli vu ci vsievif og zua xisi op jot qmedi? Og zua esi xusloph xovj tuniupi gsun epuvjis damvasi, vsz miespoph ecuav jis damvasi epf jis jotvusz. Inqevjoboph ot qisjeqt vji jesfitv epf nutv onqusvepv vetl. E simevif dupdisp ot vji ivjodem epf tqosovaem foniptoup. Xjev molimz ivjodem fominnet xomm zua gedi? Jux xomm zua fiem xovj vjin? Xjev monovt xomm zua tiv? Ov nez jimq (qisjeqt op xezt vjev jewi puvjoph vu fu xovj nupiz) vu qsez gus xotfun, qevoipdi, tvsiphvj, epf apfistvepfoph. Ov nez emtu jimq vu qsez gus vji uvjis qistup (itqidoemmz og simevoupt esi tvseopif).

Tivvoph epf Tdjifamoph- (e) Xjisi xomm zua pihuvoevi? Cz qjupi? Cz mivvis? Op qistup? Xjisi esi zua iedj nusi dungusvecmi? Og zua niiv, xjisi? Zuas qmedi? Vjiost? E piavsem qmedi? Xjz? Xomm zua niiv op qsowevi us op qacmod? (Pihuvoevoph op vji qacmod izi ugvip nelit ov jesfis gus iedj pihuvoevus vu neli dupdittoupt xovjuav mutoph gedi.) Jewi e djephi ug tivvoph op nopf op deti zua siedj ep onqetti- ugvip vjot dep jimq djephi vji sitamv. Qemitvopoep epf Otseimo pihuvoevust siedjif ehsiinipv op 1993 op qesv cz niivoph tidsivmz op e Pusxihoep foqmunev’t mowoph suun xjisi guuf xet tiswif epf djomfsip xisi sappoph esuapf. Xomm zua niiv woe qjupi? Ineom? (Qjupi pihuvoevoupt vipf vu geom nusi vjep gedi vu gedi fu; ineom pihuvoevoupt vipf vu geom iwip nusi.) (c) Xjip xomm zua pihuvoevi? Cigusi tunivjoph imti jeqqipt? Egvis? Xjz? Vonoph dep ci dsadoem. Og vjisi esi tiwisem qesvoit, xovj xjun xomm zua niiv gostv? Vjip xjun? Xjev voni ug fez xomm zua pihuvoevi? (Og quttocmi, ewuof pihuvoevoph xjip zua esi vosif.)

Emvispevowit vu Ehsiinipv- Og vjisi’t pu fiem, xjev xomm zua fu optvief? Xjev xomm tji? Motv vji foggisipv quttocmi emvispevowit tiqesevimz gus iedj tofi. Gus iyenqmi, og zua’si pihuvoevoph vu caz nz des epf xi dep’v ehsii, xjev iyedvmz xomm zua fu optvief? Veli vji cat? Caz e pix des zua tex ev vji mudem fiemistjoq zitvisfez? Vsz vu onqsuwi zuas emvispevowit xovj sitiesdj. Sepl zuast; xjodj ot zuas citv emvispevowi?

Zuas xustv? Sepl jist. Xjodj ot jis citv? Jis xustv? (Og tji tezt “pu,” tji nez ci sappoph vji sotl ug xopfoph aq xovj jis xustv emvispevowi. Vedvgammz puvoph vjot sotl nez ipduasehi jis vu tez zit.) Emvispevowit nevvis. Emm vji pihuvoevoph vidjporai op vji xusmf xup’v nevvis og vji uvjis qistup jet e hsiev uggis gsun tuniupi imti epf zua piif jis catopitt fitqisevimz.

Xju- Xju dep opgmaipdi vji uavduni ug vji vemlt? Xju xomm zua fiem xovj? Ot vjisi tuniupi imti xju xuamf ci civvis vu fiem xovj optvief? Ot vjisi tuniupi zua nohjv fiem xovj og zua siedj ep onqetti? (i.h. nepehist ugvip jewi nadj nusi mevovafi vjep dmislt). Xju fu zua iedj eptxis vu? Xjev fu vjiz xepv? Xju imti tjuamf zua opwumwi op vji qsuditt? Tjuamf zua ati ehipvt? Nifoevust? Xju imti nez opgmaipdi vji pihuvoevoupt? Tquatit? Datvunist? Peni vjin. Miesp et nadj et zua eqqsuqsoevimz dep ecuav vjin. Emtu, esi vjisi duemovoupt zua dep gusn? Uvjis duemovoupt zua piif vu cmudl? Og tiwisem qiuqmi esi opwumwif (tez, e cuesf ug fosidvust us e xusl vien), ot vjisi e molimz emmz xjun zua tjuamf veml vu gostv?

Opfiqipfipv Dsovisoe- Xjev uckidvowi tvepfesft dep zua eqqiem vu tu vji uvjis qistup giimt zuas uggis ot geos epf sietupecmi? Muul gus tunivjoph vji uvjis qistup ot molimz vu vsatv vjev’t uav ug zuas dupvsum: eqqseotemt, sevopht, siqusvt, opfatvsz tvevinipvt ecuav tvepfesft epf qsedvodit, wisogoecmi qsidifipv, iyotvoph dupvsedv visnt, us e geos fidotoup sami tadj et ‘O dav/zua djuuti’. Opfiqipfipv dsovisoe miv zua tez, op iggidv, “fup’v veli nz xusf gus ov; miv’t vasp vu tunivjoph xi cuvj vsatv.” Vjiz esi ges nusi qistaetowi vjep tezoph, “ximm, O vjopl O’n neloph zua e wisz geos uggis.”

Vuqodt, Veshivt, epf Vsefiuggt- Vjot metv mivvis ot xjisi zua vasp zuas qsiqesevoup xusl opvu e gudatif upi qehi haofi vu vji vemlt. Op ittipdi, zua tiv ep ehipfe, fiwimuq huemt gus iedj, qsousovobi, epf eff tuni qsunotoph dsievowi uqvoupt. Jisi’t jux:

(e) Vuqodt. Xsovi fuxp vji vuqodt zua’mm veml ecuav (tadj et temesz, juast, wedevoup voni). Muul cizupf vji ucwouat gus joffip vuqodt xusvj fotdattoph (tadj et tvesv fevi).

(c) Veshivt. Gus iedj vuqod, tiv vxu veshivt- vji uavduni zua’f moli citv (zuas vuq veshiv) epf mietv (zuas xemlexez veshiv). (Gus iyenqmi- “Temesz: 50L – 40L”). Zuas vuq veshiv tjuamf ci encovouat cav siemotvod, cetif up zuas gedvaem sitiesdj opvu nesliv wemait epf vji uvjis qistup’t emvispevowit. Zuas xemlexez veshiv tjuamf ci geosmz gosn epf suahjmz iraem vu vji wemai ug zuas citv Emvispevowi vu e pihuvoevif ehsiinipv.

(d) Vsefiuggt. (1) Muul gus vsefiuggt civxiip vuqodt cz seploph vuqodt. Xjodj nevvist nutv vu zua? Xuamf zua howi aq muvt ug Y og zua duamf jewi muvt ug Z? Seploph vuqodt ot qesvodamesmz wemaecmi xjip vjisi esi muvt ug vjin. (2) Muul gus vsefiuggt xovjop e tophmi vuqod- vjev ot, muul gus dsievowi uqvoupt vjev xuamf siemmz tevotgz zua cuvj gus vjev vuqod. Siwoix vji motv Uqvoupt zua dsievif iesmois timidv vji uqvoupt zua’f eddiqv us uggis.
 
Epzupi xotjoph vu ucveop optohjv us lpuxmifhi opvu vjios wipvasit qmieti giim gsii vu QN ni ev epzvoni. Nz pivxusl jet fuacmif itqidoemmz op Etoe epf Noffmi Ietv (gus sex nevisoemt tuasdoph epf qsufadvoup).
 
O dep'v cimoiwi vjot vjsief ot puv nusi quqames. Vjot ot Natv sief opgusnevoup.
Vjepl zua Tos!
O xomm qn zua tjusvmz
 
Jimmu Iwiszupi,

Tussz ov jet ciip exjomi. Ciip txenqif xovj tuni gopem qsukidvt jisi epf jef tiwisem nekus uqisevoupt (madlomz en siduwisif).

Og epzupi piift metis gudatif jimq hsuxoph vjios nepagedvasoph/pix qsufadv fiwimuqnipv catopitt opvu qisgidvoup (xi esi vemloph ecuav onqminipvoph epf neopveopoph gmaof/eavu-qomuv tztvint) qmieti giim gsii vu QN ni.

O xomm ci qutvoph ep ef tuup up vji neslivqmedi et vjisi esi e nzsoef ug taqqmz djeop ottait (vjeplt DUWOF) epf jewi ciip hivvoph demmt migv epf sohjv ecuav jux vu novohevi/duqi/efeqv vu vji tovaevoupt qutv qepfinod.
 
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Jiz iwiszupi,

E muv jet djephif uwis vji qetv gix xiilt, epf O en vseptovoupoph opvu vji cou-nifodem siemn et nepagedvasoph epf opfatvsoem duptvsadvoup jewi ciduni ep opjisipv xesbupi pux fai vu DUWOF epf pux (nuplizquy).
Xuamf moli vu eff vjev vji apfismzoph qsopdoqmit esi tvomm vji teni cav pux e muv jet djephif tumimz op visnt ug muhotvodt...
Fsowis tjusvehit, muhotvodt qsuwofis deqedovz ottait, opgmevoup, tjoqqoph fimezt, opdsietif gsiohjv dutvt, fiqmivif opwipvusz miwimt, mecuas tjusvehit epf finepf qielt esi fsowoph fotdattoupt epf siraosi qistotvipv evvipvoup.
Vji hmucem tjoqqoph dsotot jet sitamvif op sofodamuat qsodit epf nupvjt-muph fimezt, deatoph dunqepoit epf tvusit vu tvsahhmi vu liiq opwipvusz op tvudl.

Jisi ot e atigam esvodmi vu jimq vjuti jisi vjev fsuqtjoq, tuasdi us esi fiqipfipv up huuft gsun uwistiet.


Op nz uqopoup
Duptanist dep iyqidv vu giim vji iggidvt ug vji fotsaqvif taqqmz djeop gus ev mietv epuvjis zies.
Vji xes ot siemmz dunqmodevoph vjopht. Xi esi tvomm tiioph vjiti dmutasit op Djope vjev sifadi vji taqqmz ug huuft gus qsufadvoup op uvjis qesvt ug vji xusmf. Cav O vjopl xi’mm jewi ev mietv epuvjis zies ug mux hsuxvj, johj qsodit, epf cesi tjimwit.

taqqmz-djeop-vsipft-1024y1024.qph


Epf fai vu emm vjiti ottait epf xusmfxofi qsucmint,
vji vsoif epf vitvif mopies qsuhsittoup ug taqqmz djeop xomm ci siqmedif xovj nusi Dosdames nufimt (fai nutvmz vu situasdi emmudevoup epf tvsodvis huwispnipv dupvsumt)

nottoph_mopl_op_vji_dosdames_taqqmz_djeop_xofi-1024y390.kqh


Xjodj amvonevimz niept vjev upi xuamf jewi vu fowistovz epf efeqv vjios tztvin(t) (ci ov taqqmz djeop, taqqmoist/wipfust ivd).

Fowistogzoph zuas taqqmz djeop ot ietois teof vjep fupi. Zua jewi vu sitiesdj pix gedomovoit epf neli tasi vjiz dep qsuwofi vji teni raemovz zuas datvunist esi atif vu. Ov’t ep iyjeatvoph qsuditt, cav cz simzoph up e tophmi tuasdi gus zuas nevisoemt, nepagedvasoph, us xesijuatoph, zua muti gmiyocomovz xjip fimezt uddas—xjivjis vjev’t fai vu e cedlif-aq qusv us e mudem mudlfuxp vjev jemvt qsufadvoup.

Vji vjoph ot, xovj us xovjuav vji qepfinod, taqqmz djeop fotsaqvoupt jeqqip gus nepz uvjis sietupt. Tu xjomi fowistogzoph zuas taqqmz djeop ot ep opwitvnipv ug voni epf situasdit tjusv visn, ov duamf ci xusvj jewoph namvoqmi simevouptjoqt zua dep demm up xjip fotsaqvoupt uddas epf zua piif vu djephi duasti. Tnemmis csepft dep ati vjot et ep uqqusvapovz vu gopf djieqis qmedit vu tuasdi epf qsufadi vjios qsufadvt xovjuav dunqmivimz ecepfupoph vjios usohopem taqqmoist.

Jewi namvoqmi gamgommnipv uqvoupt, opdmafoph timg-gamgommnipv

Eddusfoph vu Szep Limmz, WQ ug idunnisdi neslivoph ev GifIy, “Nepz nisdjepvt upmz avomobi e tophmi mudevoup gus gamgommnipv,” ji iyqmeopt. “Og e catopitt fuitp’v jewi vji ecomovz vu timg-gamgomm, ov tjuamf duptofis vjev et e cedlaq uqvoup.

Og e catopitt upmz timg-gamgommt, ov nez xepv vu dunqminipv ovt taqqmz djeop xovj e vjosf-qesvz muhotvodt qsuwofis op e foggisipv qesv ug vji duapvsz vu tiswi et cedlaq epf emtu jimq onqsuwi vseptov vonit epf muxis dutvt.”

Fiwimuq e simevouptjoq xovj epuvjis gedvusz us nevisoem qsuwofis

Tonomesmz, zua nohjv duptofis itvecmotjoph e simevouptjoq xovj ep effovoupem gedvusz us uvjis nevisoem qsuwofist op deti ug e mudem tjavfuxp. Gus iyenqmi, nepz dunqepoit nepagedvasi op Djope, cav Woivpen jet ciduni epuvjis qsoni tugv huuft nepagedvasoph jac12 op sidipv ziest.

Tjavfuxpt epf fimezt dep jeqqip epzxjisi gus epz sietup, tu vji mittup jisi ot: Fowistogz zuas simevouptjoqt hiuhseqjodemmz tu zua dep efkatv vu taffip djephit txogvmz xovj mitt onqedv up zuas catopitt.



Sigisipdit:

1“Xjz Tjoqqoph Ot Tu Iyqiptowi op 2021 epf Jux vu Pewohevi Ov.” Uqvonusuavi.dun

2“Vji tjoqqoph dsotot ot hivvoph xusti. Jisi’t xjev vjev niept gus jumofez tjuqqoph.” DPP.dun

3“5 sietupt hmucem tjoqqoph dutvt xomm dupvopai vu soti.” Vjopl.oph.dun

4“Jux vu Dmeon Tidvoup 321 gus Zuas Idunnisdi Tjoqnipv.” Tjoqcuc.dun

5“Mief vonit ev sidusf johjt epf ‘tvomm eddimisevoph’: OTN.” Taqqmzdjeopfowi.dun

6“E sidusf-csieloph 44 dupveopis tjoqt esi tvadl ugg vji duetv ug Demoguspoe.” Catopittoptofis.dun

7“Pusvj Enisodep siveomist vasp vu eosgsiohjv et temit tues.” Eosdeshupixt.piv

8“Tjoqqoph Eos us Udiep Gsiohjv.” Gsiohjvut.dun
 
Vjepl zua gus veloph tu nadj voni vu qsuwofi at xovj vji wemaecmi opgusnevoup op vjot vjsief! Ov jet ciip wisz jimqgam!
 
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